Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Cultivating Empathy - 3-Minute Video with Transcript, Discussion Questions, and Selected References

 



Discussion Questions


  1. How would you describe your level of empathy right now? 

  2. How would you describe the level of empathy in your school?

  3. Where have you seen compassionate empathy during the COVID-19 crisis - in your home, in your community, or in the nation?

  4. In light of current events, which element of empathy do you feel is most difficult for people? Why is that?



1st Frame:

Hello! I’m Julie McDaniel-Muldoon, Safety and Well-Being Consultant at Oakland Schools. I created the Supportive Strategies Series with 3-minute episodes of strategies I think might be helpful to you, especially during this extraordinary time. These short and sweet episodes are based on research and best practice. Episode 5: Cultivating Empathy. Let’s begin.


2nd Frame:

To explore empathy we need to understand where it lives within social-emotional core competencies. The Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning describe these competencies self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision making. Empathy lives in the social competencies, requiring us to understand ourselves before we understand others.

 3rd Frame:

Teresa Wiseman has helped us understand the 4 elements of empathy. 1st, we must see the world as others see it. 2nd, we accept others without judgment. 3rd, we understand another’s feelings. 4th, we are able to communicate this understanding. Brene Brown teaches us that "Empathy is communicating that incredibly healing message of 'You're not alone.'" 


4th Frame:

Daniel Goleman has pushed our thinking to describe three different types of empathy. Cognitive empathy lives in the executive functioning part of our brain and is dependent upon our thoughts, understanding, and intellect. Emotional empathy lives in the limbic system, starts with our mirror neurons, and relies on our senses and feelings. Compassionate Empathy requires both emotional and cognitive empathy but goes deeper. It motivates us to take action on someone else’s behalf. Compassion is empathy is action.  As Goleman suggests, “With this kind of empathy we not only understand a person’s predicament and feel with them, but are spontaneously moved to help, if needed.” 


5th Frame:

We cultivate empathy -By empathizing with students -By modeling empathy -By making caring for others a priority -By setting high ethical expectations -By practice, practice, practice

In an online environment,

-Use live video and chat whenever possible -Practice and model self-compassion -Link content to empathy whenever possible -Be mindful of pace


Final Frame:

 All of this content is based on solid research and best practice. Please contact me for selected references, more resources, and suggestions for topics for future episodes. julie.mcdaniel@oakland.k12.mi.us


Selected References

Goleman, D. (2017). Empathic concern. Retrieved from https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27176.

Goleman, D. (March 1, 2008). Hot to help: When can empathy move us to action?  Retrieved from https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/hot_to_help.

McDaniel-Muldoon, J.E. (2019, September 17). The Complexity of Empathy. International Bullying Prevention Association Blog and News. https://ibpaworld.org/blog/the-complexity-of-empathy/.

The RSA (2013, December 10). Brene Brown on empathy. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXSjc-pbXk4&feature=emb_title&disable_polymer=true.


Sevilla, V.J. (2019, June 23). Teaching empathy in an online class. ELearning Industry. Retrieved from https://elearningindustry.com/empathy-development-teaching-online-class.


Wiseman, Theresa. (1996). A concept analysis of empathy. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 23. 1162 - 1167. 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1996.12213.x.

Trust Is the Beginning Place - 3-Minute Video with Transcript, Discussion Questions, and Selected References


Episode 4: Trust Is the Beginning Place


Discussion Questions


  1. Describe the level of trust in your school:

    1. between staff and students

    2. between staff and parents

    3. among staff

    4. among students

  2. What can you do individually and as a staff to increase the levels of trust?


1st Frame:

Hello! I’m Julie McDaniel-Muldoon, Safety and Well-Being Consultant at Oakland Schools. I created the Supportive Strategies Series with 3-minute episodes of strategies I think might be helpful to you, especially during this extraordinary time. These short and sweet episodes are based on research and best practice. Episode Trust Is the Beginning Place. Let’s begin.


2nd Frame:

The CDC in collaboration with SAMHSA established 6 guiding principles for trauma-informed care. While safety is the number 1 consideration, trustworthiness is number 2. Trust is an essential part of strong and supportive school cultures. It is integral to effective organizational change, successful school reform and more. As author Barbara Smith writes, “Trust…is the beginning place, the foundation upon which more can be built.”


 3rd Frame:

Placing trust in another involves two considerations. The first consideration is a person’s willingness to be vulnerable to another. It acknowledges the potential for being hurt. The second consideration is placing confidence in another being benevolent, reliable, competent, honest, and open. Both the willingness to be vulnerable and the perception of benevolence are necessary for trust.


4th Frame:

Building the trust needed for healthy and supportive schools requires shifting this interperson concept to an organizational perspective. This trust is relational trust and is found is social exchanges.  It is reflected by respect, personal regard, competence, and integrity. Researchers Bryk and Schneider explain that relational trust is the connective tissue that binds us together to advance the education and welfare of students.


5th Frame:

Research on trust suggests that assuming positive intention is the most important component of building trust. Trust in schools requires psychological safety where people speak freely, honestly, and openly. Building trust in an online context is more challenging, but is possible. It requires predictable patterns of actions, ongoing communication, positive social atmosphere, constant feedback, and transparency of motive. Building trust must be a deliberate and transparent process with ongoing monitoring and adjustment. Trust is the beginning place, the foundation upon which more can be built.


Final Frame:

 All of this content is based on solid research and best practice. Please contact me for references, more resources, and suggested topics for future episodes: julie.mcdaniel@oakland.k12.mi.us




Selected Resources

Bryk, A.S., & Schneider, B. (2003). Trust in schools: A core resource for school reform. Educational Leadership 60(6):40-45. Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/mar03/vol60/num06/Trust-in-Schools@-A-Core-Resource-for-School-Reform.aspx.


The Colorado Trust (2008). Build trust, end bullying, improve learning: evaluation of The Colorado Trust’s bullying prevention initiative. Retrieved from Denver, CO: https://www.coloradotrust.org/sites/default/files/COTrust_FINALAPRVD_112408.pdf.


Louis, K.S. (2007). Trust and improvement in schools. Journal of Educational Change, 6(1), 1-24. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259754500_60_Louis_KS_2007_Trust_and_improvement_in_schools_Journal_of_Educational_Change_61_1-24.


Marcinek, A. (2014, October 22). Digital Citizenship: Developing a Culture of Trust and Transparency. Edutopia. Retrieved from https://www.edutopia.org/blog/digital-citizenship-culture-trust-transparency-andrew-marcinek.


Tschannen-Moran, M. (2004). Trust matters: Leadership for successful schools. Francisco, CA:  Jossey-Bass.


Saturday, July 11, 2020

Maslow with Fresh Eyes - 3-Minute Video with Transcript, Discussion Questions, and Selected References

Episode 3


Discussion Questions


  1. How does your school community tend to the pre-conditions of a healthy social environment (i.e., freedom to speak, freedom to defend one’s ideas, freedom to express, fairness, honesty)?

  2. How does your school provide opportunities for students and staff to gather, to work around, and to solve issues of the school community?

  3. What would it take for your school community to shift from wanting to be the best in the district, county, etc. to being the best “for” the district, county, etc.?


Transcript

1st Frame:

Hello! I’m Julie McDaniel-Muldoon, Safety and Well-Being Consultant at Oakland Schools. I created the Supportive Strategies Series with 3-minute episodes of strategies I think might be helpful to you, especially during this extraordinary time. These short and sweet episodes are based on research and best practice. Episode 3: Maslow with Fresh Eyes. Let’s begin.


2nd Frame:

In previous episodes we have looked at safety and belonging from a neurobiological lens. The brains first seeks safety and then belonging. Once these are perceived to be secure, the brain can learn.


 3rd Frame:

Let’s look at this from the lens of psychology. In the 1940s, Abraham Maslow, an American psychologist, created a hierarchy of needs. It was based on the premise that the basic needs- physiological and safety- must be mostly satisfied before individuals are able to meet the psychological needs of belonging and self-esteem. When psychological needs are mostly satisfied, humans can reach self-actualization. Although Maslow’s Hierarchy is often presented in triangle, his theory allowed a flexibility that might better be represented as a ladder. 


4th Frame:

Twenty years after his seminal piece, Maslow suggested that self-actualization allowed individuals to transcend personal concerns into a community perspective. We begin to see ourselves as a part of a greater whole. It allows strong positive emotions like joy, peace, and a well-developed sense of awareness. The means are greater than the end, the perspective moves from individual (growth) mindset to community (benefit) mindset, there is a desire and power to make a difference in the world. In sum, it is a shift from wanting to be the best “in” the world to wanting to be the best “for” the world.


5th Frame:

Maslow presented preconditions that are necessary for satisfying even the most basic needs. The social environment must ensure honesty, orderliness, justice, and fairness. There are freedoms to express, to speak, to investigate, to choose. When these preconditions are disrupted, individuals feel threatened. As we think about the social online environment, then, it becomes necessary to ensure these preconditions before we are able to satisfy even the most basic needs of our students. Our new online culture is as important as our traditional classroom culture.

Final Frame:

 All of this content is based on solid research and best practice. Please contact me for references, more resources, and suggested topics for future episodes at julie.mcdaniel@oakland.k12.mi.us



Selected Resources

Maslow, A. H. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York, NY, US: Arkana/Penguin Books.

Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396. 

McDaniel-Muldoon, JE (2019, July 23). (A Sense of) Safety First. International Bullying Prevention Association Blog and News. Retrieved from https://ibpaworld.org/blog/a-sense-of-safety-first/.  

McIntyre, S. (2007, February 16). Maslow’s Theory Revisited. Greater Good Science Center Magazine. Retrieved from https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/maslows_theory_revisited.

Rutledge, P. (2011). Social Networks: What Maslow Missed. Retrieved from https://mprcenter.org/blog/2011/11/social-networks-what-maslow-misses/


Wednesday, July 8, 2020

The Need to Belong - 3-Minute Video with Transcript, Discussion Questions, and Selected References

Episode 2: The Need to Belong


Discussion Questions


  1. How has your sense of belonging been disrupted by COVID-19? Your professional relationships? Your feeling of being a part of this school community?

  2. How have the students’ sense of belonging been disrupted by COVID-19?

  3. What will staff need to restore this sense of belonging?

  4. What will students need to help them regain the sense of belonging? 


1st Frame:

Hello! I’m Julie McDaniel-Muldoon, Safety and Well-Being Consultant at Oakland Schools. I created the Supportive Strategies Series with 3-minute episodes of strategies I think might be helpful to you, especially during this extraordinary time. These short and sweet episodes are based on research and best practice. Episode 2: The Need to Belong. Let’s begin.


2nd Frame:

The most important function of the brain is determining our level of safety. When the brain perceives the system to be safe, the Limbic System, the social emotional part of the brain, then asks, “Am I loved? Do I belong?” this point the executive functioning part of the brain lights up. At this point, we are able to control impulses, can reason and learn, and make good judgments.


 3rd Frame:

As complex mammals, we thrive in safe and supportive communities. It is so much a part of who we are that we will seek and find safety in each other. In a spontaneous interaction, through facial expression, eye contact, and tone of voice, we can validate our safety and confirm that we are not alone. A sense of belonging generates confidence that life is good. 


4th Frame:

A sense of belonging prepares the brain for learning. A safe and supportive classroom community provides the environment needed to engage executive functioning. Students who feel like they belong– remember what is learned, develop new skills, have improved judgment. 


5th Frame:

It is more than learning, however. Our relationships, our strong social connections lead to greater well-being and happiness. Additionally, they increase our social awareness and thus our capacity for empathy and altruism.


6th Frame: 

The need to connect is even stronger in children and adolescents. When we meet these needs by helping students develop strong relationships, we are actually helping to build strong school communities. Studies show the relationship between strong school communities that prioritize social-emotional learning with increases in student achievement We can meet the need to belong in an online environment by connecting with students frequently and consistently, by validating their emotions, by providing reassurance, making student connection a regular assignment, assigning and modeling offline ways to connect.


Final Frame:

 All of this content is based on solid research and best practice. Please contact me for references, more resources, and suggested topics for future episodes at julie.mcdaniel@oakland.k12.mi.us


Selected Resources


Barshay, J. (2018). Two studies point to the power of teacher-student relationships to boost learning. The Hechinger Report. Retrieved from https://hechingerreport.org/two-studies-point-to-the-power-of-teacher-student-relationships-to-boost-learning/.

Dunlea, M. (2019, September 4). Every Student Matters: Cultivating Belonging in the Classroom. Edutopia. Retrieved from https://www.edutopia.org/article/every-student-matters-cultivating-belonging-classroom.

Edutopia (Producer). (2019, January 14). The Power of Relationships in Schools [video file]. Retrieved from https://www.edutopia.org/video/power-relationships-schools

Porges, S. W. (2017). The Pocket Guide to the Polyvagal Theory: The Transformative
Power of Feeling Safe. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.

Roffey, S. (2012). Developing Positive Relationships in Schools. Positive Relationships: Evidence Based Practice Across The World, 145-162. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278636575_Developing_Positive_Relationships_in_Schools.

Siegel, D. J. (2015). Brainstorm: The Power and Purpose of the Teenage Brain. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin.


Tuesday, June 9, 2020

(A Sense of) Safety First - 3-Minute Video with Transcript, Discussion Questions, and Selected References

Episode 1: (A Sense of) Safety First

Discussion Questions


  1. What do you need to feel safe (upon return)?

  2. How has your sense of safety been disrupted since COVID-19?

  3. What will the students need to feel safe (and are they the same needs as you have)?




Transcript
1st Frame:
Hello! I’m Julie McDaniel-Muldoon, Safety and Well-Being Consultant at Oakland Schools. I created the Supportive Strategies Series with 3-minute episodes of strategies I think might be helpful to you, especially during this extraordinary time. These short and sweet episodes are based on research and best practice. Episode 1: (A Sense of) Safety First. Let’s begin.

2nd Frame:
The most important function of the brain is determining our level of safety. The self-preservation center of the brain asks, “Am I safe?” With an affirmative answer, the brain signals the body that all is well. The Limbic System, the social emotional part of the brain, then asks, “Am I loved? Do I belong?” At this point the executive functioning part of the brain lights up. At this point, we are able to control impulses, can reason and learn, and make good judgments.
  
 3rd Frame:
Stephen Porges has helped us understand safety as a neurobiological process. When the brain feels safe, the mind is fully present, there is a sense of physical safety, and we are connected to each other. There is a decrease in heart rate and defense mechanisms. There is an increase in immune response and metabolism. We rest and recuperate more easily. Natural oxytocin is released. Our digestion is efficient and effective and so much more. We are curious, joyful, grounded, compassionate, and mindful.

4th Frame:
In uncertain times such as these, our brains are quick to retreat into survival mode. The self-preservation center of the brain is the key to our social-emotional health and to learning. Restoring a sense of priority is our first priority.

5th Frame:
Helping others is often done naturally. When we are face to face with students, we can do this more easily with tone of voice, body language and eye contact. But we also establish safety with clear routines and expectations, consistent scheduling, and clear directions. Online, we can do this the same way. We provide predictability, flexibility, routines, and choice. We connect with students and explicitly tell them how much we value them.

Final Frame:
All of this content is based on solid research and best practice. Please contact me for references, more resources, and suggested topics for future episodes. You can reach me at julie.mcdaniel@oakland.k12.mi.us.


Selected Resources

Integrated Listening Systems (2019). Stephen Porges on the Link between Feeling Safe and Making Changes. Retrieved from https://integratedlistening.com/blog/2019/09/24/stephen-porges-on-the-link-between-feeling-safe-and-making-change/

McDaniel-Muldoon, JE (2019, July 23). (A Sense of) Safety First. International Bullying Prevention Association Blog and News. https://ibpaworld.org/blog/a-sense-of-safety-first/.  

Porges, S. W. (2017). The Pocket Guide to the Polyvagal Theory: The
Transformative Power of Feeling Safe. New York: W. W. Norton and
Company.

Siegel, D. J. (2015). Brainstorm: The Power and Purpose of the Teenage Brain. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin.

Simon-Thomas, ER (2015). Measuring compassion in the body. Greater Good
Magazine. Retrieved from

Sunday, March 1, 2020

Trust as the Beginning Place

(First posted September 17, 2019 for the International Bullying Prevention Association)


Over the last five years or so, government agencies, research institutions, training organizations and more have established guiding principles for trauma-informed work, most notably the US Center for Disease Control in collaboration with the Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration. While safety is usually the number one consideration, trust or trustworthiness is also found in these guiding principles.

Before the focus on trauma, however, trust was described as an essential part of strong and supportive school cultures. The solid body of research around trust has also shown it as integral to effective organizational change, successful school reform efforts, transformative educational leadership, and much more. As author Barbara Smith writes, “Trust...is the beginning place, the foundation upon which more can be built.” The purpose of this article is to explore the concept of trust from the beginning place, with the goal of finding a common understanding of trust and identifying the research-based ways to increase trust in places where our children and young people live and learn. Unlike many articles that highlight recent research, this article focuses on a few seminal pieces on trust and the work of researchers who paved the way for current research on student engagement and more.

What Is Trust?
Dr. Megan Tschannen-Moran, Professor of Education at William and Mary, has studied trust for over 20 years and defines trust this way: “One party’s willingness to be vulnerable to another based on the confidence that the other is benevolent, reliable, competent, honest, and open” (2004). Probing deeper into that definition, trust is understood as a two-fold process. Trust first involves a choice to be vulnerable to another, to acknowledge the potential for being hurt by that person. The second part of placing trust in another is perceiving that person to be of good will, genuine, accepting, and capable. Both the choice to be vulnerable to another and the perception of the benevolence of another are necessary to build trust.

Building the trust needed for healthy and supportive schools and agencies requires shifting this interpersonal concept to an organizational perspective. This is not the trust established around an institution and its purpose, rather it is relational trust, a set of interdependencies among people within the organization. Relational trust is found in social exchanges and is reflected by respect, personal regard, competence, and personal integrity (Bryk & Schneider, 2003).  To explain, respect is evident through deep listening, perspective-taking, and acknowledgment, and personal regard refers to a perceived willingness to go beyond established expectations. Competence in core role responsibilities inspires faith that desired outcomes will be realized, and personal integrity reflects a set of moral-ethical standards that guide behavior. Relational trust allows for collective decision making, shared ownership, and more. As Professors Anthony Bryk and Barbara Schneider  (2003) explain:  "relational trust is the connective tissue that binds individuals together to advance the education and welfare of students" (p. 45).  

When thinking about school reform, organizational change, and culture building, establishing trust should be a deliberate and transparent process. Through their research on school change, Bryk and Schneider (2003) identified several conditions that foster relational trust in schools. First, building leaders play a crucial role in strengthening relational trust by setting the standards for behavior and reflecting the respect, personal regard, competence, and integrity found in relational trust. Second, teachers must be acknowledged as the crucial element in engaging parents; in order to build relational trust with parents, they must be supported and empowered in this effort. Other conditions that Bryk and Schneider suggest are smaller school communities that allow for more face-to-face interactions with central leadership, stable school communities where staff have longevity within buildings, and voluntary association, meaning that students and their families have some school choice and school officials avoid forced building assignments.

Research on Trust in Schools
In studying the role of educational leadership on effective school change, Karen Seashore Lewis (2007), focused specifically on the importance of trust at the high school level. She was able to expand the previous work of Bryk and Schneider (2003) which focused on elementary schools and found that complex change was likely to occur in high schools where teachers had high levels of trust in their administration. These teachers noted integrity as the most important aspect for that trust. 
Among other recommendations, Lewis suggests pre-assessment and monitoring of trust levels during a change process and teacher involvement and ownership in decision making. One important finding is the need for trust within the teaching staff. She notes that teachers who do not trust each other “cannot work together effectively to create systemic change” (Lewis, 2007, p. 19).

Hoy and Tschannen-Moran (2007) studied the impact of staff trust on school culture and climate with findings that are important to consider in current trust-building efforts. First, they found that trust is spread throughout a building, meaning that in schools where teachers trust their administrators, they also tend to trust each other and to trust their students. This also works in places of distrust, where “broken trust is likely to ripple through the system” (p. 109). When thinking about both parent and student engagement, these researchers found that distinguishing the difference in trust of parents and students was impossible. In short, when teachers trust students, they also trust parents, and vice versa, leading the researchers to consider students and their families as one entity.

The final study highlighted here is The Colorado Trust (2008) study. The report Build Trust, End Bullying, and Improve Learning describes the impact of a school and community bullying prevention initiative that touched the lives of over 50,000 students. The report cites increases in academic achievement and highlights the critical role of adults in effective bullying prevention. With particular attention to the impact of trust, however, students reported the importance of teachers and administrators showing genuine concern about student issues and being knowledgeable about and appropriately responding to issues of bullying. These students self-reported the aspects of trust that Bryk and Schneider (2003) describe: respect, personal regard, competence in roles, and integrity.

Final Thoughts
Before the current focus on trauma-informed approaches, there was ample research confirming that the most successful school reform efforts have evidence of strong relational trust.  In these efforts, trust will be found across school buildings and will be identified within student populations, across the school and district staff, between schools and their parents, and so on. Building trust is a deliberate and transparent process that requires continuing monitoring and adjustment. By looking at trust as the beginning place, it remains a part of the foundation of all efforts to improve the health and well-being of students and their families.
References
Bryk, A.S., & Schneider, B. (2003). Trust in schools: A core resource for school reform. Educational Leadership 60(6):40-45. Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/mar03/vol60/num06/Trust-in-Schools@-A-Core-Resource-for-School-Reform.aspx.
The Colorado Trust (2008). Build trust, end bullying, improve learning: evaluation of The Colorado Trust’s bullying prevention initiative. Retrieved from Denver, CO: https://www.coloradotrust.org/sites/default/files/COTrust_FINALAPRVD_112408.pdf.
Hoy, W., & Tschannen-Moran, M. (2007). The conceptualization and measurement of faculty and trust in schools (pp. 87-114). In W. Hoy and M. DiPaola (Eds.) Essential ideas for the reform of American schools. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Louis, K.S. (2007). Trust and improvement in schools. Journal of Educational Change, 6(1), 1-24. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259754500_60_Louis_KS_2007_Trust_and_improvement_in_schools_Journal_of_Educational_Change_61_1-24.
Tschannen-Moran, M. (2004). Trust matters: Leadership for successful schools. Francisco, CA:  Jossey-Bass.

More Information
Social Media Director, International Bullying Prevention Association (IBPAWorld.org)
Advanced Trauma Practitioner and Trainer, Starr Commonwealth (www.starr.org)
Student Safety and Well-Being Consultant, Oakland Schools (Waterford, Michigan)
Licensed Trainer and Certified Practitioner for the International Institute for Restorative Practices (IIRP.edu)
Email: julie.mcdaniel@oakland.k12.mi.us

Twitter: @jemmuldoon

Cultivating Empathy - 3-Minute Video with Transcript, Discussion Questions, and Selected References

  Discussion Questions How would you describe your level of empathy right now?  How would you describe the level of empathy in your school? ...